The Vijayanagar Empire and Bahmani Kingdom
The Vijayanagar Empire
Points to remeber
Political history
The Vijayanagar empire was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama dynasty founded the city of Vijayanagar on the south bank of Tungabhadra. Harihara I was the first ruler He was followed by Bukka I, Harihara II. Devaraya I was defeated by Firuz Shah and gave his daughter to Sultan. Deva Raya II was the greatest of the Sangama dynasty who inducted large number of Muslims in his army and asked his men to learn archery from them. Taking advantage after the death of Deva Raya II, the throne was usurped by minister Saluva Narasima.
The rule of Saluva dynasty came to end by a new dynasty called Tuluva dynasty founded by Vira Narasimha. Krishnadevaraya(1509-29)was his half brother who is considered as the greatest of Vijayanagar rulers. During the reign of Sadashiva Raya , the real power was in the hands of Rama Raja. He could paly off various Muslim power against one another. However this trick did not last and the enemies combined to give crushing defeat on Vijayanagar in the battle of Talikota in 1565. The battle is also known Raksasa Tangadi. Ramaraja was executed and the great age of Vijayanagar ended.
Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of art and literature and known as Andra Bhoja. He was the author of Telugu workAmuktamalyada and Sanscrit work Jambavati Kalyanam. He built Krishnaswamy temple, Hazara Ramasamy, Vithal sami temple and rayagopurams (towers). The temples have a open pavilion (Mandapam) and a Kalyana Mandapam.
The rule of Saluva dynasty came to end by a new dynasty called Tuluva dynasty founded by Vira Narasimha. Krishnadevaraya(1509-29)was his half brother who is considered as the greatest of Vijayanagar rulers. During the reign of Sadashiva Raya , the real power was in the hands of Rama Raja. He could paly off various Muslim power against one another. However this trick did not last and the enemies combined to give crushing defeat on Vijayanagar in the battle of Talikota in 1565. The battle is also known Raksasa Tangadi. Ramaraja was executed and the great age of Vijayanagar ended.
Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of art and literature and known as Andra Bhoja. He was the author of Telugu workAmuktamalyada and Sanscrit work Jambavati Kalyanam. He built Krishnaswamy temple, Hazara Ramasamy, Vithal sami temple and rayagopurams (towers). The temples have a open pavilion (Mandapam) and a Kalyana Mandapam.
Visit of Foreign travellers
Ibn Battutah | A moroccan traveler visited Vijyanagar during the reign of Harihara I |
Nicolo De Conti | An Italian during the time of Deva Raya I |
Abdur Razzak | A persian, during the reign of Deva Raya II |
Paes & Edward Barbosa | Portuguese travellers, visited during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya. |
Fernao Nuiz | Portuguese visited during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya |
Some important points to be rememberd
- The gold coins issued by Vijayanagar emperors are calledvarahas. Djitel was a copper coin. They contain the figures of Hindu deities, animals and some times gandaberunda(double eagle holding an elephant).
- Gangadevi, wife of Kampana wrote Maduraivijayam.
- The empire was divided into provinces or mandalams under Raja or Chavidi.
- The provinces were divided into Venthe, Nadu, Sima, Village, Shtala in Karnataka portion of Vijayanagar empire Kottam, Paru, Nadu, Village in Tamil Nadu portion.
- Village administration was looked after by hereditary officers (Ayakars).
- The Athavane department was in charge of revenue administration.
- The top grades of army is nayakas or palegars they were granted territory (amaram) with a fixed revenue in lieu of their salaries.
Bahmani Kingdom
Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347-58) founded the Bahmini Kingdom with Gulbarga as its capital. Firuz Sha Bahmini was considered greatest. Ahmad Shah Wali (1422-35) who transferred the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. Mahmud Gawan was wazir of Muhamad Shah III, who was executed by the King. After Gawan's death, Bahmini Kingdom begin to decline and broke up into 5 kingdoms
Name of Kingdom | Founder | Period | Annexed By |
Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar | Ahmad Bahri | 1490-1633 | Shajahan |
Adil Shahis of Bijapur | Yusuf Adil Sha | 1489-1686 | Aurangazeb |
Imad Shahis of Berar | Fatullah Khan Imadul Mulk | 1484-1574 | Nizam shahi |
Qutb Shahis of Golconda | Quli Qutb Shah | 1518-1687 | Aurangazeb |
Barid Shahis of Bidar | Ali Barid | 1528-1619 | Adil Shahis |
Points to remeber
- Muhammad Adil Shah built Gol Gumbaz, a tomb with world's second largest Dome at Bijjapur
- Muhammad Quli Qutb shah built the city of Hyderabad (Bhagyanagar)
- Berar stayed out of the Battle of Talikotta
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